The Transition into College Writing by Keith Hjorshoj

Annotated Table of Contents Essay 1 was about a Mission Statement that I had to write for myself something personal which explains something that is truthful and explains who and what I am and what I am strving to achieve when searching my name â€Å"Brian Mamuyac†. What I did to prepare for this assignment was that our instructor gave us the prompt ahead of time and I created a rough draft and when we had to meet up in the computer room I just had to type up my essay and turn it in. The challenging part of this essay would be understanding the prompt because I had no idea what a Mission statement was and what I was supposed to do. For Essay 1 I was marked down for redundancy, repetition, grammar and spelling and also clutter. What I can do to prevent the errors in my next version would be to understand the prompt and directions more and have more ideas to write about myself. In my revised Essay 1 version I did well on fixing my mistakes and not repeating the same mistakes as last time by using the feedback that I received and changing or improving the mistakes that I made in the past. I believe that I was marked down for the grammar, punctuation and spelling errors, clutter and the conclusion which were the same issues that I was marked own with. What I can do to ensure that the same issues won’t be showing again would be to reread my revisions and peer read my work so I can get the other mistakes that I might have created while revising or missed by mistake. Annotated Table

California Prison System - 986 Words

The California prison system was created in response to the increased amount of criminal activity that sparked during the Gold Rush years. Prior to the Gold Rush, California had prided itself on being a land of health, beauty, and opportunity (Bookspan, xviii). However, immigration and population growth surged, especially amongst foreign convicts and â€Å"aliens†, resulting in increased crime. At first, it was decided that punishment for small crimes would be a beating by whip while punishment for serious crimes, like robbery or murder, would be hanging (Kidport).After becoming a state in 1850, the California governor John McDougal reacted to this method of punishment by beginning what is known as the California Prison System. The first prison within California was San Quentin, which began to receive inmates in 1854, next was Folsom State Prison in 1880, then California Correctional Institution in 1933, California Institution for Men in 1941, and California Institute for Wome n in 1952 as well as multiple California state prisons that have opened since then in cities such as San Diego, Sacramento, Chowchilla, Avenal, Corcoran, Susanville, Vacaville, Crescent City, and many more (California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation). The early California prison systems were very much influenced by the Auburn prison system, from the Auburn Correctional Facility in Auburn, New York. This system imposed solitary confinement to silence prisoners and promote meditations, but stillShow MoreRelatedThe California s Prison System990 Words   |  4 PagesCalifornia’s prison system is facing a number of infrastructure changes as a result of a judicial decision that came down from the United States Supreme Court, Governor of California et al v. Plata et al. California’s prison system was deemed inadequate and dangerous due to severe overcrowding which led to â€Å"needless suffering and death† (Rogan, 2012, 262). The court ruled that the Stat e must reduce the number of inmates in California’s thirty-three state prisons. This ruling came about after twoRead MoreCalifornia Prison System Essay910 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ M7A1 Case Study 3: California Prison System AB 109 and AB 117 were introduced to ease the pressure of the federal and state budget through saving costs on the penitentiary system. In this regard, the reduction of the prison population and the transfer of a part of the prison population to county jails was one of the main provisions of AB 109 but AB 117 actually discharges provisions of AB 109. Such a paradoxical situation is the result of scarce financialRead MoreProblematic California Prison System Essay849 Words   |  4 PagesCalifornia has one of the most dysfunctional and problematic prison system in US. Over the last 30 years, California prison increased eightfolds (201). California Department of Correctional and Rehabilitation (CDCR) does little to reform prisoners and serve as human warehouse rather than a correction institution. Californias prison system fails the people it imprisons and society it tries to protect. In many cases, Californias prison system exacerbates the pre-existing problems and aids in theRead M oreThe California Prison System Is Severely Overcrowded2120 Words   |  9 PagesBecause the California prison system is severely overcrowded, it is unable to deliver adequate resources and services to its inmates. In 2011, the United States Supreme Court ruled that the system—operating at 145% of its designed capacity—violates the 8th Amendment and mandated that the state significantly reduce its prison population by 2016 (Divito). Many of the state’s GOP legislators called for expansion of the state’s correctional facilities, claiming that criminals would be a threat to communitiesRead MorePrison Overcrowding And California s Correctional System1651 Words   |  7 PagesPrison overcrowding has caused many complications to California’s Correctional System. To resolve this issue, â€Å"[o]n April 5, 2011, California Governor Jerry Brown signed into law AB 109, the ‘2011 Realignment Legislation Addressing Public Safety’†¦, which †¦ shifted responsibility from the state to the counties for tens of thousands of offenders,† (Abarbanel et al., 2013, 1). This law was put in action was because of overcrowding in state prison and it was affecting a variety of crucial programs thatRead MoreCalifornia Prison System: Significant Budgetary Change and the Results of Those Changes2178 Words   |  9 PagesCalifornia Prison System: Significant Budgetary Change and The Results of Those Changes Objective The objective of this work is to examine the policy and political processes that led to the decision to make a significant budgetary change and what the result of those changes are. In addition this work will identify economic, social and cultural influences on that change and identify the interaction among the federal, state, and municipal levels with regard to the program. This work will examineRead MoreSecurity Threat Groups/Gangs in Prisons Essay1480 Words   |  6 PagesHead: SECURITY THREAT GROUPS/GANGS IN PRISONS Security Threat Groups/Gangs in Prisons Nicole Sage Kaplan University CJ130-03 Nancy Thode January 18, 2011 Security Threat Groups/Gangs in Prisons In our prison systems today, many different gangs pose a threat to our correctional staff and other inmates. In the United States, gangs exist in forty of the fifty states. These gangs bring violence, drug trafficking and racial unrest to our correctional system. The Aryan Brotherhood was formedRead MorePrivatization of Prisons1329 Words   |  6 PagesPrivatization of Prisons Introduction I am writing this memo in response to a request to analyze the benefits and disadvantages of privatized prison systems. With the present economic environment, it is important to explore all options that could reduce the state’s deficit. This research project will explore the cost benefits to the privatization of California’s prison system, in comparison to other cost saving options. It will use statistics from other states that use private prison systems, as wellRead MoreFinancial Contingency Planning1732 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Financial Contingency Planning: Sources of Funding AJS/522 May 12 2014 Adam Eaton Financial Contingency Planning: Sources of Funding California has the largest prison population in the United States and some countries around the world. For over 40 years, the incarceration levels have risen. The prison rates have risen 700 percent since 1970, today it is estimated that one in 100 adults are incarcerated. Who pays the bill for this large increase, tax payers have and will continueRead MoreThe Problem Of Prison Overcrowding1572 Words   |  7 Pagessociety to stir up continue to expand every day. Some of these issues include the educational system, healthcare laws, unemployment and economic situations, not to mention the ongoing water drought crisis†¦all of which are major dilemmas in California. One major dilemma, however, is often ignored. Over the past 30 odd years, California’s prison population has grown by 750 percent (â€Å"California’s Perpetuating Prison Crisis†). As this percentage perpetuates to make substantial gains, inmates are suffering

Family Law

Question: Bilal and Juliette have been living together for 12 years and have two children, Karim (10 years old) and Carla (5 years old). About six months ago, Bilal and Juliette separated, and Juliette moved in with her new partner Chris. Juliette has taken Chriss surname and wants the children to have the same surname. She also wants Karim to be circumcised to reflect her new religion and she also wants Carla to have the MMR vaccination which Bilal objects to. Bilal has recently been charged with illegally protesting outside the Ministry of Justice and has received a community sentence. Consequently he has lost his job and is suffering from severe depression. He feels that Juliette is not raising the children as he would like and wants a greater say in their upbringing. Advise Bilal as he wishes to apply for a Parental Responsibility Order. Answer: Bilal and Juliette have lived together for 12 years and have two children, Karim and Carla. About six months ago, they got separated and Juliette shifted with her new partner Chris. Juliette took the surname of Chris and wanted her children also to take his surname. Additionally, she wanted to circumcise Karim as a reflection of her religion and also wanted Carla to be vaccinated with MMR. Bilal, however as an objection to this and Juliette refuses to listen to Bilal. Bilal has recently been charged with illegally protesting outside the Ministry of Justice and has received a community sentence. Consequently he has lost his job and is suffering from severe depression. He feels that Juliette is not raising the children as he would like and wants a greater say in their upbringing. Based on the facts, the issue that arises here is, whether Bilal can apply for Parental Responsibility Order and what are his chances of success of such an application. Parental Responsibility is a legal status that is derived from the Children Act, 1989 as part of family law. Parental Responsibility is defined in section 3 sub section 1 of the Children Act, 1989 as, the rights, duties and power of a parent as given to them by law, of a child, in relation to the child and childs property (Fernando 2014). This means that it is the responsibility of the parent to focus on their duties that they have towards their child rather than their rights over the child. Generally, the mother of the child is considered to have parental responsibility of her child since the birth of the child. However, in certain cases the father may also have parental responsibilities if he is married to the childs mother and if his name is noted on the certificate of birth of the child (Mason, Laurie and Smith 2013). If the father is not married to the mother of the child then he may not have the authority to make important decisions regarding the children. If fathers want their childrens right then he may apply for an order that is called Parental Responsibility Order. When couples are married to each other they already have this responsibility. This means that since the birth of their child they have duties and responsibilities towards their children rather than rights over their child (Lester 2015). As a father of the child he has the right to be informed about the childs education, health and welfare. Residence order provides parental responsibility to people who are not biological fathers of the child such as step father or some other family relative of the child. This means that more than one person can obtain parental responsibility of the child (Husain 2016). According to the Adoption and Children Act, 2002, changes were made in the ways in which the biological but single fathers can have the right to acquire parental responsibility of the child. The father of the child may apply for an order of parental accountability if his name is mentioned on the certificate of birth of the child. Fathers who were not married and whose name is mentioned on the birth record, before the Act was passed, shall not involuntarily acquire parental liability but they will have to apply for an order from the Court or enter into an contract with the mother (Coles et al.2016). Additionally, if the parents of the child are married when the child is born or they have together adopted the child then both the parents may have parental accountability. A single father can obtain parental responsibility of the child in any of the following three ways, firstly, registering jointly the birth of the child with the mother. Secondly, entering into an agreement with the moth er and thirdly obtaining an order from the Court for such responsibility. This is applicable for parents whose children are born in England and Wales. For children who were born in Scotland, the father has parental responsibility if he is married to the mother of the child at the time when the child is conceived (Mrazek and Kempe 2014). For children who were born in Northern Ireland, the father gets parental duty if he is married to the mother of the child at the time when the child is born. If a child is born outside UK however later he comes to UK then the father may acquire parental accountability depending on the UK country in which they are living in. Partners, who have same sex, shall acquire parental responsibility if they were civil partners at the time of management of infertility (Abrines-Jaume et al. 2016). For partners of same sex but not civil partners, the 2nd partners can acquire the position of parental responsibility by applying for parental responsibility in the Co urt or if the partners entered into an agreement before the child was born (Tan et al. 2015). Fathers and mothers of children have rights and duties as a parent; this is known as Parental Responsibility. As a parent, one must provide home to the child and maintain and protect the child. If a parent obtains parental responsibility of the child he does not stay with, then the other parent needs to keep the parent updated about their progress and well being. Once the person obtains parental responsibility of the child then he has the duty of disciplining the child, providing and making important decisions related to the education of child and providing appropriate medical treatment to the child (Roberts 2015). Parents have to make sure that there child is supported financially and emotionally whether or not they have parental responsibility. Hence, parental responsibility means power of the parents to take important decisions in relation to the child. The decisions may be related to the determination of the religion of the child that he or she may be brought up with. In cases, w here there is a mixed religious or cultural background of the parents, a disagreement may appear between them as to the cultural surroundings with whom the child is to be brought up with. In such cases, the child shall be brought up with the mixed culture of both the parents until the child becomes an adult to decide his culture himself (Barker, 2016). However, parental dependability does not mean that the parent has the habitual right to contact the child or know about the whereabouts of the child. Contacting with the child is the right of the child and not the right of the person who has acquired parental accountability of the child. If parents are married to each other, then none of the parents need to obtain consent from the other in registering the name as mother or father in the birth certificate of the child. However, if parents are not married to each other, then consent will be required as whose name shall be entered as parents in the birth record of the child. If the name of the father is entered into the birth certificate it shall be easier for the father to obtain parental responsibility of the child. In case there is a disagreement between the mother and father of the child as to whose name shall be entered into the birth certificate, then the father may apply for Parental Responsibility Order from the Court (Smietana et al. 2014). Both the parents need to be present at the Register office at the time of registration of the birth of the child. If either of the parents fails to attend the registration of the child then he has to submit the statutory declaration agreeing that he or she has no objection t o the name that is being put on the birth certificate. The declaration is formal document that should be signed by either by a solicitor or commissioner of the Courts. If the mother does not consent to put the name of the father on the birth record then he may apply for Parental Responsibility Order (Zee 2015). If none of the parents are available at the Register Office for registration of the childs birth then, the occupier of the house or hospital or someone who was near at the birth of the child or someone who is accountable for the child may become the registered parent of the child. Parental Responsibility is non transferable, this means that the person who has obtained parental responsibility can share his responsibility with some other person however; he cannot transfer his responsibility with some other person. A parental responsibility agreement is an agreement that is made between the father and mother of the child to allow the unmarried father to obtain Parental Responsib ility (Horspool and Humphreys 2012). However, agreement of both the parents is needed for this order. This type of contract is suitable when both parents agree to the unmarried father for obtaining parental responsibility. Parental Responsibility Order is an order that unmarried fathers can apply for when the mothers of the child refused to allow the father from being registered in the birth certificate. The process involves the father to make a request to the Court to decide whether or not they can obtain an order of Parental Responsibility (Baker 2015). Mothers are given a chance to put forward the reasons as to why she refused the father to acquiring Parental liability. For example, if the mother has any welfare concerns of the child. In such a scenario, the Court has the authority to decide whether the father can obtain Parental Responsibility or not. Courts have the authority to reject Parental Responsibility Orders if the Courts think that the father can misuse this order in the future to hinder in the care of mother for the child. This may put pressure on the mother and also undermine her capabilities to care for herself and care for the child. This decision was taken in the case of Re M (Contac t: Parental Responsibility) [2001]. In this case, the parental responsibility order was denied however, the father of the child was allowed to visit the child for three to five hours in the year. The Court may also reject the Parental Responsibility Order if the father injured the child and displayed violence towards the mother and the child. This was held in the case of Re H (Parental Responsibility) [1998]. If the father is seen to have obscene photographs of children, the Court may reject the order of Parental Responsibility (Re P (Parental Responsibility) [1997]). If the child is born out of a lesbian relationship, via artificial conception that was facilitated by the brother of any of the women, then it would be contradictory to grant the brother, father or uncle to grant Parental Responsibility (Hantrias and Letabiler 2014). This was decided in the case of Re B (Role of Biological Father) [2008]. In the given case study, Bilal can apply for Parental Responsibility Order. He fulfilled all the criteria that are required for applying for the Parental Responsibility Order. As a father of both the children he has the authority to take important decisions in behalf of them. As it is seen from the case study that Bilal and Juliette had disagreements regarding the upbringing of the child, as Juliette wants to circumcise Karim as a reflection of her religion and give MMR vaccination to Carla. Matters relating to religion are sensitive in nature and should be dealt with sensitively. Bilal raised his objection; however, Juliette did not pay much heed to the protest of Bilal. Additionally, the present situation of Bilal is not acceptable for him to assume the status of parental responsibility. Considering that he has received community sentence and has lost his job, it shall not be advisable for him to take responsibility of the child unless he serves his sentence and gets proper job for his survival. There are a lot of chances that the Court will reject the application of Bilal for parental responsibility as his present situation is not suitable for him to obtain the position. Additionally, he is also suffering from depression. So he will have to wait till he becomes both mentally and financially well. Juliette wanted their children to use the surname of Chris, and she also wants to use the surname of Chris. The general rule for changing the surname is that permission of the Parental Order is required however; if the father has not obtained the position of parental responsibility then the mother may change the surname of children. In the case of Bilal and Juliette, the court will analyze whether the change of surname will be in the best interests of the child or not. If the Court feels that using the surname of Chris shall not be in favor of the children, then he may restrict Juliette from changing the childrens surname. It is therefore advisable for Bilal to firs t complete his sentence and get settled with his life and then he may apply for Parental Responsibility Order. Application of parental responsibility is in the hands of the unmarried father; however approval of the same lies in the hands of the Court. Acquiring the role of a parental responsibility is not an easy task and that is why the Court can exercise their discretion for approving the same. Bilal needs to understand that the task of acquiring Parental Responsibility means ability to take important decisions in relation to the child. The important decision may include determination of the religion of the child, taking important decisions relating to the education of the child, or taking decisions that are related to the medical treatment of the child. The job of a person acquiring parental responsibility is not easy, it requires commitment and concentration and at this moment Bilal lacks in both. From the perspective of the childs welfare it will be against their interests so i t will be good for the children to continue their stay with their mother until Bilal becomes mentally, financially and emotionally fit to take the responsibility of their children. However, restriction from acquiring parental responsibility order does not restrict Bilal from meeting his children on a regular basis. He shall continue to have the right to meet his children and also know about the whereabouts of the child. This means that Bilal shall continue to keep himself updated about his children. In cases similar to Bilal and Juliette, it is always advisable to make settlements out of Court. The reason behind this is that once the matter reaches the Court, the decision of the Court shall be treated as final and enforceable. Knowing that Bilal is in a weaker position and that there are a lot of chances that the Court may reject his application he should wait till his position becomes stable. Instead, Bilal and Juliette should take help from the mediator to solve their issues related to children. Mediation is regarded as the best way to solve matters related to children, Bilal and Juliette can attend the Mediation Information and Assessment Meeting (MIAM) to gain support for matters related to their children. References: Abrines-Jaume, N., Midgley, N., Hopkins, K., Hoffman, J., Martin, K., Law, D. and Wolpert, M., 2016. A qualitative analysis of implementing shared decision making in Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services in the United Kingdom: Stages and facilitators.Clinical child psychology and psychiatry,21(1), pp.19-31. Baker, C., 2015.Shades of intolerance: the influence of terrorism on discriminatory attitudes and behaviors in the United Kingdom and Canada(Doctoral dissertation, Rutgers University-Graduate School-Newark). Barker, N.J., 2016. Rethinking Conjugality as the Basis for Family Recognition: A Feminist Rewriting of the Judgment in Burden v. United Kingdom.Onati Socio-Legal Series. Coles, E., Cheyne, H., Rankin, J. and Daniel, B., 2016. Getting It Right for Every Child: A National Policy Framework to Promote Children's Wellà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ being in Scotland, United Kingdom.The Milbank Quarterly,94(2), pp.334-365. Fernando, M., 2014. Family Court Review,52(1), pp.46-59. Gillespie, A.A., 2013. Child protection systems in the United Kingdom: a comparative analysis.Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law,35(2), pp.272-275. Hantrias, L. and Letabiler, M.T., 2014.Families and family policies in Europe. Routledge. Horspool, M. and Humphreys, M., 2012.European Union Law. Oxford University Press. Husain, R., 2016. International Human Rights and Refugee Law: The United Kingdom. InHuman Rights and the Refugee Definition(pp. 138-155). Brill. Lester, S., 2015. The State and the Operation of Sharia Councils in the United Kingdom: A Critical Response to Machteld Zee. Mason, K., Laurie, G. and Smith, A.M., 2013.Mason and McCall Smith's law and medical ethics. Oxford University Press. Mrazek, P.B. and Kempe, C.H. eds., 2014.Sexually Abused Children Their Families. Elsevier. Roberts, M., 2015. A view from the coal face: interdisciplinary influences in family mediation in the United Kingdom.Journal of Comparative Law,9(2), pp.108-118. Smietana, M., Jennings, S., Herbrand, C. and Golombok, S., 2014. 11 Family relationships in gay father families with young children in Belgium, Spain and the United Kingdom.Relatedness in Assisted Reproduction, p.192. Tan, A., Bharj, A.K., Nizamoglu, M., Barnes, D. and Dziewulski, P., 2015. Assaults from corrosive substances and medico legal considerations in a large regional burn centre in the United Kingdom: calls for increased vigilance and enforced legislation.Scars, Burns Healing,1, p.2059513115612945. Zee, M., 2015. The State and the Operation of Sharia Councils in the United Kingdom: A Response to Shona Lester.

IT Project Management Assessment Essay Sample free essay sample

Over the past few old ages. undertaking directors and undertaking direction has grown enormous growing. Undertaking direction has evolved over the past several old ages from an activity in an organisation to a subject in its ain right. Many professional organic structures exist today to stand for undertaking direction as a subject. some of which include. PMI and PM Bok. Harmonizing to A Guide to the Project Management Body of cognition ( PMBOK Guide ) . Third Edition. â€Å"Project Management is the application of cognition. accomplishment. tools. and techniques to a wide scope of activities in order to run into the demands of a peculiar undertaking. Project direction is comprised of five basic Undertaking Management Process groups and nine cognition countries that are typical of about all undertakings. The five procedure groups are Originating. Planing. Executing. Monitoring and Controlling and Closing procedure. The nine Knowledge countries centre on direction expertness in Project Integration Management. We will write a custom essay sample on IT Project Management Assessment Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Project Scope Management. Undertaking Time Management. Undertaking Cost Management. Project Quality Management. Project Human Resource Management. Undertaking Communications Management. Undertaking Risk Management. and Project Procurement Management. Each of the nine cognition countries contains the procedures that need to be accomplished within its subject in order to accomplish an effectual undertaking direction plan. Each of these procedures besides falls into one of the five basic procedure groups. making a matrix construction such that every procedure can be related to one cognition country and one procedure group. The PMBOK Guide is meant to offer a general usher to pull off most undertakings most of the clip. There are presently two extensions to the PMBOK Guide: The Construction Extension to the PMBOK Guide applies to building undertakings. while the Government Extension to the PMBOK Guide applies to authorities undertakings. 1. Sum up how the undertaking director or squad exhibited exceeding and ethical undertaking direction patterns. The undertaking Management Institute. which provides criterions and enfranchisement for professional undertaking director. offers simple moralss codification of behavior counsel. Its criterions suggest that undertaking directors pattern ethical behaviour foremost through accepting duty for their determinations and effects. It expects undertakings director to esteem others. listen objectively to input and feedback and be honest I communications. Undertaking directors must pattern equity and transparence in determination devising including possible struggles of involvement. Managers’ study on the position of undertakings to senior direction and other stakeholders which placing hazards. admiting failure to run into deadlines and accepting duty for personal and team actions. Undertaking directors must depict position accurately and defy the enticement to state people merely what want to hear. Undertaking directors must realistically suggest the undertakings level attempt. even when having supervisory force per unit area to undervalue costs in order to win contracts. Ethical relationships with project staff necessitate regard for single abilities and cultural differences. Projects directors must utilize employee hunt and engaging procedure that emphasize job-related accomplishments and supply clear occupation descriptions. including measurement standards. while obeying Torahs against favoritism. Undertaking directors should guard against leting personal relationships to act upon determinations on publicity. layoffs and public presentation ratings. A undertaking director should set up a method for employees to describe ethical concerns with namelessness and should follow up through. 2. Discusses the function of the undertaking director or squad. the organisational scene. the recipient’s attack to project integrating direction. and obstacles that had the potency of adversely impacting the ternary restraints. The major function of the undertaking director or squad is to take all procedures and participants of a given undertaking. In fulfilling this function. the undertaking director or squad has the hard undertaking of foretelling undertaking agendas and budgets. including possible reverses that may adversely impact them. Where reverses are encountered. the undertaking director or squad should endeavor to counterbalance for these. to convey the undertaking within agreed demands. For illustration. recent receivers of the Undertaking of the Year Award in 2009 and 2010 demonstrated their ability to accomplish undertaking ends despite important reverses. In 2009. the Newmont TS Power Plant Project faced challenges from a hard economic landscape in 2004 and an environment with alone demand for proficient resources and building labour. while operating in a distant location. The undertaking direction squad adopted a hazard direction attack and focused on high public presentation teamwork. The former attack. with hazard direction and extenuation. is among nucleus schemes advocated by the Project Management Institute. The latter property. sing the degree of teamwork. was enhanced by following many squad edifice Sessionss. and by valuing a clear vision for the ends expected by all stakeholders in the undertaking. Goals were assessed on many facets. including agenda. quality. safety. and sustainability. The Undertaking of the Year Award receivers described their undertaking direction scheme as â€Å"Continuous Performance Improvement† . in which the accomplishments of the undertaking direction squad better from undertaking to project. utilizing feedback to place countries of sweetening. In 2010. the undertaking direction squad for the National Ignition Facility ( NIF ) in Livermore. CA. demonstrated its ability to pull off a monolithic and complex ato mic energy undertaking. As steps showing the size of the undertaking. the budget exceeded $ 3. 5 billion. and the work involved 7. 000 employees. Several reverses occurred during the undertaking. with the possibility of adversely affected the agenda and budget: as illustrations. heavy rains from El Nino flooded the worksite. and find of palaeontological remains halted plants for several yearss. Undertaking directors at NIF used these reverses to place that they had misidentified the undertaking range and miscalculated the undertaking complexnesss. They responded by following several disciplinary steps: they defined a new baseline cost and agenda. adopted new cost and hazard direction patterns. replaced their senior leading squad. and forged relationships with industrial houses. Chief among their response was coaction with Moscow State University. to develop a new procedure to organize KDP crystals in 2 months alternatively of 2 old ages. conveying the undertaking back on agenda and within budget. In consequ ence. the undertaking directors identified their ain undertaking direction failings and the proficient and scientific failings of their organisation. and looked to outside intercession for the benefit of fulfilling the undertaking ends. Mentions A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge ( PMBOK Guide ) .Third Edition 2008. retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. tumblr. com/tagged/a-guide-to-the-project-management-body-of-knowledge–third-edition–pmbok-guideshypertext transfer protocol: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/A_Guide_to_the_Project_Management_Body_of_Knowledge National Ignition Facility Project ( 2010 ) . Livermore. California. USA submitted by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. pmi. org/en/Knowledge-Center/Publications-PM-Network/Project-of-the-Year-2010. aspx Newmont TS Power Plant Project ( 2009 ) Submitted by Fluor Enterprises. Inc. and Newmont Nevada Energy Investment. Ltd. retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. pmi. org/About-Us/Our-Professional-Awards/Movie-2009-PMI-Awards-POY-Newmont-Power-Plant-Project-Winner. aspx

Free Essays on Perks Of Being A Wallflower

In the book, The Perks of Being a Wallflower, by Stephen Chbosky, Charlie, the main character, who lives in Western Pennsylvania in the early nineties, writes a series of letters to a person that he never reveals. He does not know the person, and does not let the person know who he is. Charlie is a freshman and while he is not the biggest geek in the school, he is by no means popular. He is a wallflower. He is shy, thoughtful, and intelligent beyond his years. Charlie doesn’t have many friends; in fact, his only friend Michael killed himself during junior high school. He is left with his mom and dad who do not pay much attention to him, his older brother; a star on the football team, his sister; one of the most popular girls in school, and the only person who ever made him feel special, his Aunt Helen. Charlie’s Aunt Helen died as well and Charlie was very close to her. He was crushed. Charlie loved his family a lot, but he needed something more in life, something normal and Charlie was by no means normal. Charlie also encounters many of the same struggles that most kids face in high school. Some of these struggles are how to make friends, the intensity of a crush, family tensions, a first relationship, exploring sexuality, and experimenting with drugs. There really is not a main story line. It skips around to different situations at different times in his life. Charlie becomes friends with seniors Patrick and his sister Sam. They are his only friends and they know this and try to do the best to introduce him to new things and get involved in activities. Patrick is out-going and hilarious. Most of the popular kids in school admire him. His nick-name is â€Å"Nothing.† Sam is pretty and didn’t have the most â€Å"lady-like† reputation in school. She has brown hair and â€Å"very very pretty green eyes. The kind of green that doesn’t make a big deal about itself.† – p.19. From the moment that Charlie first meets Sam he falls ... Free Essays on Perks Of Being A Wallflower Free Essays on Perks Of Being A Wallflower In the book, The Perks of Being a Wallflower, by Stephen Chbosky, Charlie, the main character, who lives in Western Pennsylvania in the early nineties, writes a series of letters to a person that he never reveals. He does not know the person, and does not let the person know who he is. Charlie is a freshman and while he is not the biggest geek in the school, he is by no means popular. He is a wallflower. He is shy, thoughtful, and intelligent beyond his years. Charlie doesn’t have many friends; in fact, his only friend Michael killed himself during junior high school. He is left with his mom and dad who do not pay much attention to him, his older brother; a star on the football team, his sister; one of the most popular girls in school, and the only person who ever made him feel special, his Aunt Helen. Charlie’s Aunt Helen died as well and Charlie was very close to her. He was crushed. Charlie loved his family a lot, but he needed something more in life, something normal and Charlie was by no means normal. Charlie also encounters many of the same struggles that most kids face in high school. Some of these struggles are how to make friends, the intensity of a crush, family tensions, a first relationship, exploring sexuality, and experimenting with drugs. There really is not a main story line. It skips around to different situations at different times in his life. Charlie becomes friends with seniors Patrick and his sister Sam. They are his only friends and they know this and try to do the best to introduce him to new things and get involved in activities. Patrick is out-going and hilarious. Most of the popular kids in school admire him. His nick-name is â€Å"Nothing.† Sam is pretty and didn’t have the most â€Å"lady-like† reputation in school. She has brown hair and â€Å"very very pretty green eyes. The kind of green that doesn’t make a big deal about itself.† – p.19. From the moment that Charlie first meets Sam he falls ...

How Athens Played a Significant Role in Greek History

How Athens Played a Significant Role in Greek History Chapter I. The Physical Setting of Athens 1. The Importance of Athens in Greek History To three ancient nations the men of the twentieth century owe an incalculable debt. To the Jews we owe most of our notions of religion; to the Romans we owe traditions and examples in law, administration, and the general management of human affairs which still keep their influence and value; and finally, to the Greeks we owe nearly all our ideas as to the fundamentals of art, literature, and philosophy, in fact, of almost the whole of our intellectual life. These Greeks, however, our histories promptly teach us, did not form a single unified nation. They lived in many city-states of more or less importance, and some of the largest of these contributed very little directly to our civilization. Sparta, for example, has left us some noble lessons in simple living and devoted patriotism, but hardly a single great poet, and certainly never a philosopher or sculptor. When we examine closely, we see that the civilized life of Greece, during the centuries when she was accomplishing the most, was peculiarly centered at Athens. Without Athens, Greek history would lose three quarters of its significance, and modern life and thought would become infinitely the poorer. 2. Why the Social Life of Athens Is So Significant Because, then, the contributions of Athens to our own life are so important, because they touch (as a Greek would say) upon almost every side of the true, the beautiful, and the good, it is obvious that the outward conditions under which this Athenian genius developed deserve our respectful attention. For assuredly such personages as Sophocles, Plato, and Phidias were not isolated creatures, who developed their genius apart from, or in spite of, the life about them, but rather were the ripe products of a society, which in its excellences and weaknesses presents some of the most interesting pictures and examples in the world. To understand the Athenian civilization and genius it is not enough to know the outward history of the times, the wars, the laws, and the lawmakers. We must see Athens as the average man saw it and lived in it from day to day, and THEN perhaps we can partially understand how it was that during the brief but wonderful era of Athenian freedom and prosperity[*], Ath ens was able to produce so many men of commanding genius as to win for her a place in the history of civilization which she can never lose. [*]That era may be assumed to begin with the battle of Marathon (490 B.C.), and it certainly ended in 322 B.C., when Athens passed decisively under the power of Macedonia; although since the battle of Chaeroneia (338 B.C.) she had done little more than keep her liberty on sufferance.

Diabetes Type 1 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Diabetes Type 1 - Research Paper Example The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that there are over 177 million cases worldwide and this number will increase to at least 370 million by 2030 (Gad et al., 2003). Further, the disease is associated with a series of secondary health complications. Diabetes Mellitus (DM) Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is characterized by persistent and variable hyperglycemia (high blood glucose levels). Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM), also known as insulin-dependent DM, childhood DM, or juvenile-onset DM, most commonly presents in children and adolescents. The typical age of onset is less than 25 years (Pepper, 2006). Also, in contrast to T2DM, T1DM occurrence is typically in individuals who are lean rather than obese (Myers, 2005). T1DM constitutes approximately 10% of all individuals with DM and occurs mainly in populations of Europe and North America (Champe et al., 2005; Gillespie, 2006). T1DM is increasing in incidence globally at a rate of about 3% per year (Champe et al., 2005). Like all t ypes of DM, T1DM is associated with increased risk for and a high incidence of certain complications. Hence, DM in general has been considered a syndrome of metabolic abnormalities (i.e. metabolic disorder of glucose, protein, lipids, water and electrolytes), microvascular disease (i.e. retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy), and macrovascular disease (i.e. ... T1DM patients are often young at the time of diagnosis. Although the pathogenic factors are active early on, complications usually develop later as the disease progresses and are not as common during early stages. Etiology of T1DM Type 1 diabetes is the result of the loss of ? cells, which subsequently leads to insufficient secretion of insulin. It is generally accepted that Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM) is an autoimmune disease. The exact cause or causes of the disease are still unclear, however, a combination of genetic and environmental factors seem to be involved. Evidence for a genetic susceptibility to IDDM is shown through family studies. Approximately 6% of siblings of people with T1D will also develop the disease, as compared with a prevalence of .4% in the general population (Levin and Tomer 2003; Leoni 2003). Children of diabetics also have a higher risk of acquiring diabetes: about 3-6% of diabetic offspring get diabetes, compared with .4% of the general popu lation. Intriguingly, the gender of the diabetic parent also seems to contribute to disease transmission, with offspring of diabetic fathers being at a greater risk (about 9%) than those of diabetic mothers (about 3%). Data from twin studies (i.e. Levin and Tomer 2003; Leoni 2003) also seem to strongly suggest a genetic predisposition to IDDM. Concordance rates for monozygotic twins vary between 35 - 70%, while the concordance rates for dizygotic twins is about 11 %. These rates increase with the time since proband diagnosis; for example, concordance is 43% within 12 years of proband diagnosis, and 50% within 40 years. Age of proband diagnosis also seems to be a crucial factor: the concordance rate for twins of

The notion of strategy in organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

The notion of strategy in organizations - Essay Example Strategy as a Plan or Ploy The term plan is common to different fields when it comes to strategy formulation. For instance, in the military, strategy is to draft a plan while in Game theory a complete plan is necessary to determine the choices the players will make. The dictionary too describes strategy as a plan and in management it is an integrated plan to achieve the organizational objectives. Mintzberg contends that a strategy can be a ploy too. To discourage a competitor when an organization expands its plant capacity, it can be termed as a ploy. Since it is meant as a threat, it cannot be called a plan; it is a ploy with a specific intention. Strategy as a pattern According to this definition strategy is consistency in behaviour and has a set pattern, whether or no intended. Patterns can appear without pre-conception but people can observe a set behaviour in an organization and call it a strategy. This may be just an assumption. A plan can be an intended strategy where as a pattern can be called a realized strategy, since it was not intended. Thus, when the intended strategy is realized, it is a deliberate strategy as the intentions existed. Emergent strategies are those that went unrealized where the patterns developed in the absence of intentions or perhaps despite them. Strategy as a position The fourth definition is that strategy is a position. It is a means of locating an organization within the industry environment. This definition suggests that strategy is a mediating force between the organization and the environment. ... Strategic analysis requires the use of several tools but there is limited use of these tools. Tools and techniques are essential because they help the SMEs to change their course of action depending on the data collected through these tools. Tools and techniques do not help or make a strategy but they are useful in collecting and presenting data which help in strategic analysis . The most used tool is the financial analysis followed by PEST or STEP analysis, Porter’s five forces analysis and analysis of critical success factors (CSF). External analysis, considered a part of SWOT analysis ranked sixth in popularity, in a study conducted by Aldehayyat and Anchor . The study found that respondents were aware of other tools such as value chain analysis, competition analysis and portfolio analysis, but none used them. Other tools for strategy analysis such as organizational culture, core capability and experience curve analysis were not even known by the respondents. 2.2.1 Porter’s Five Forces Model The five competitive forces that shape strategy (Figure III) include the threat of new entrants, bargaining power of buyers, bargaining power of suppliers, rivalry among existing competitors and the threat of substitute products . He further clarifies that these five forces differ by industry. If the forces are intense, the return on investment is low; if the forces are benign, the profit margins are high. The strongest competitive force determines profits and is important for strategy formulation.

When Rewards Go Wrong Essay Example for Free

When Rewards Go Wrong Essay At the heart of most performance management systems is a reward program. However, even when we are doing everything else right, rewards can go wrong. Here, we explore five ways that external incentives can damage performance, from destroying altruistic behavior to distracting people from the task. Fortunately, most of these downfalls are avoidable. While not every behavior is suitable for pay-for-performance, we can provide rewards that are rewarding, helping to encourage the behavior we value. THE CARROT AND THE STICK are the starting point for creating the behavior that we want. We reward desirable actions and punish, often by removing rewards, actions that annoy. Rewarded behavior becomes more frequent, and punished behaviors eventually disappear. That, at least, is the idea. From economics, which is largely the study of incentives, to behavioral psychology, which specializes in reinforcers, we have academic reassurance that we are pursuing the recommended path. But as anyone who actually tried to put this simple logic into practice will find, it does not always work out as well as desired. We praise a teenager for doing well in her studies, rewarding her with a shopping trip to the mall, only to find that her grades steadily deteriorate thereafter. We encourage a spouse to try to follow our much more reasonable agenda, only to get him or her to dig his or her heels in opposition. We even encounter this mysterious disconnect when we give gifts. Gift givers typically expect a positive association between how much they spend on a gift and how much their gift’s recipient appreciates it. We reason that more money (i.e., a more expensive gift) conveys a greater amount of thoughtfulness. In fact, gift recipients report no such association between the price of their gift and their actual feelings of appreciation (Flynn Adams, 2009). Much like gift givers who expect a greater, more positive outcome proportional to the size of the gift, organizations often find that external rewards such as pay do not garner the outcomes they expect. In fact, sometimes to our bafflement, an incentive program turns out to be a disincentive program, where we are inadvertently reducing the very behavior we try to encourage. Why does this happen? Sometimes it is due to poor measurement: we do not recognize the proper behavior when it occurs or when we get it confused with something else. Most famously, rewarding CEOs with stock options is seen as a way to get the C-suite (the offices of the most senior-level executives with titles beginning with the word chief) to work harder, but this can have perverse consequences. Stock performance is not the same as CEO performance, and to raise stock prices, we actually incented some CEOs to manufacture or make up favorable financial reports. This is why Peter Drucker (Drucker Zahra, 2003) described the practice as â€Å"the well-meant but idiotic belief that executives should have major stakes in the company, the stock options (which I have always considered an open invitation to mis-management)† (p. 11). At other times, rewards do not work because they are not contingent on performance. To the degree rewards are not reliably delivered, so people feel their hard work will not be dependably recognized, we can stop expecting the target behavior altogether regardless of how large the promised reward becomes. For a performance management system to work, people have to trust it. However, neither of these issues of implementation will be our focus. Performance Improvement, vol. 51, no. 8, September 2012  ©2012 International Society for Performance Improvement Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com) Altruism paints a sunny swath through our society. People act on behalf of others simply for the pleasure of helping. Here we are at our best, whether assisting the disabled or homeless find housing or our coworkers master the company’s new software program. The joy of altruism is inherent in our neurobiological makeup, with separate regions of the brain activated when we are acting altruistically (Fehr Rockenbach, 2004). Unfortunately, this is also part of the problem. There are countless examples of attempts to incent altruistic behavior that in theory should have been effective. Even if someone is intrinsically motivated to perform, adding an extrinsic reward should motivate him or her even more. As it turns out, it does not quite work this way. Frey and Oberholzer-Gee (1997) reviewed the Swiss government’s attempt to get a canton to accept a nuclear waste dump being built near it. Nobody wants nuclear waste, nearby or otherwise. But if you are going to have nuclear power, the waste has to go somewhere, and allowing it to be stored in the vicinity of your backyard is a selfless civic act. Initially, simply on the request of the government, about 51% of the area’s populace was willing to permit its location—altrui sm pure and simple. However, when the Swiss later decided to add a few thousand dollars of yearly stipend to promote more agreement, the percentage of agreement went down, not up, to about 25%. Neurobiologically, by adding an external incentive, the Swiss government framed the question from being an altruistic act, which had sufficient motivation, to one of pleasure and self-interest, which was evaluated in a separate part of our brain and came up short. Under these strictly monetary standards, the few grand that the government was offering was not enough. Later in 2001, Frey along with a new colleague, Jegen, called this motivational crowding theory. Finding scores of examples for everything from the adherence of time schedules in day care services to pay-for-performance schemes, they repeatedly found that extrinsic rewards can push or crowd out intrinsic rewards. Now this is not always a bad thing. If the Swiss government wanted to get agreement well over the 51% that altruism was providing, it could have, but at a high cost. If officials were willing to give every resident a small fortune each year, they might even have people actively moving to that canton. But if you cannot afford the cost of maintaining an extrinsic reward system, then you are likely better off not implementing it at all. The delicate balance between intrinsic and extrinsic motives can be a difficult one to keep. Gary Walters, an expert in psychology and child development, recounts his mistake when trying to encourage his 6-year-old son’s precious interest in chess by giving him a manual on the topic: â€Å"He was reading by then, so I gave it to him. That just killed it. It turned it into schoolwork. There’s a difference between intrinsic and extrinsic interest: the kinds of things you’d do on your own because they’re self-rewarding, as opposed to somebody on the outside telling you† (Bielski, 2012). If he can err, then so can the rest of us. Consequently, if you have people volunteering, developing, self-improving, or engaging in positive organizational citizenship behavior due to intrinsic reasons, you might want to recognize it or celebrate it with unexpected or unofficial rewards but not ones formally contingent on task performance. Leave such altruism as the wonderful gift that people give others. It is not work and should not be treated as such. HOW CAN BE AS IMPORTANT AS WHAT People have desires not only about the rewards they receive but also in the manner they are delivered. For example, company A and company B may pay their workers the same competitive wage, but due to differences in procedure, one is effectively incenting performance while the other is not. But why? There are two major desires regarding the administration of reward programs: a sense of fairness and a sense of autonomy. As the common law adage goes, â€Å"Not only must Justice be done, it must be seen to be done.† This principle extends to reward systems as well (Frey Stutzer, 2005). In the competition for performance between company A and B, you can increase the power of your incentives through three primary mechanisms (Masterson, Lewis, Goldman, Taylor, 2000; McFarlin Sweeney, 1992). First, keep your employees informed about exactly how rewards are administered. Effective reward systems are usually transparent, in that they are well documented, clearly communicated, and easy to follow. The less accessible or understandable a reward system becomes, the less it works. Second, be consistent in its application. Whether the outcome is the same or different, people like to know that there is a process being followed and that it is the same for everybody. The more arbitrary you are and the more exceptions you make for particular people, the less bang you get for your buck or value for your effort. Finally, and probably most important, allow voice. Any reward, large or small, is likely to be accepted as being fair if you give others the opportunity to state their perspective. By denying people even marginal input, they are less likely to buy what you are selling. Often you do not even have to agree with their opinions, but you do have to listen authentically; people desp erately want to be heard. The other mechanism for improving or reducing the power of rewards is whether you emphasize their controlling aspects. We do want to control or at least influence behavior with rewards. Otherwise, why else would you use them? However, many people have substantive needs for autonomy. While the need for autonomy can range from nonexistent all the way up to Patrick Henry’s â€Å"Give me liberty or give me death,† on average it is quite large. Typically we do not like other people telling us what to do, we do not like feeling controlled, and we resent any efforts to coerce. To reestablish a sense of autonomy, we might reject significant rewards, seemingly self-destructively— cutting off your nose to spite your face. Consequently, giving people a degree of choice in reward systems and framing the system as encouragement rather than control reduces the perceived threat to autonomy. For example, Washington, D.C., has a performance system for teachers called â€Å"Impact Plus.† Teachers can voluntarily enroll, potentially doubling their salary, if they are willing to give up some job security provision in their union contract. When his friends do show up, Tom applies himself to the paintbrush with gusto, presenting the tedious chore as a rare opportunity. Tom’s friends wind up not only paying for the privilege of taking their turn at the fence, but deriving real pleasure from the task—a win–win outcome if there ever was one. In Twain’s words, Tom â€Å"had discovered a great law of human action, without knowing it—namely, that in order to make a man or a boy covet a thing, it is only necessary to make the thing difï ¬ cult to attain.† (p. 1) REWARDS TELL US HOW REWARDING THE TASK REALLY IS Ariely, Loewenstein, and Prelec (2006) suggest what they call the â€Å"Tom Sawyer effect.† They write, In a famous passage of Mark Twain’s novel Tom Sawyer, Tom is faced with the unenviable job of whitewashing his aunt’s fence in full view of his friends who will pass by shortly and whose snickering Perhaps even more notable, this effect demonstrates that the value of a task, real and perceived, is malleable and that rewards can be used quite persuasively to alter this perception. Certainly price in many cases communicates meaning. For example, if a colleague offers you $1,500 to go on a date with her brother, you have just been given a lot of information about that brother, as well as about how the date might be expected to go. Similarly, Plassmann, O’Doherty, Shiv, and Rangel (2008) examined the effects of pricing on the experience of enjoyment of wine. As might be expected, as the price of the wine increased, participants reported a greater level of satisfaction with the wine overall. That is, their attitudes about the wine and self-reported experience were more positive. Impressively, they also showed a greater physiological satisfaction with the wine. On functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans of participants’ brains, a higher level of activity was observed in one of the pleasure centers of the brain. Not only did price provide information that informed attitudes, but it also informed real, physical reactions. Of note, when the same participants assessed the wine in blind taste tests, they gave the cheapest wine (five dollars a bottle) the highest praise. Consequently, if we pay people to perform a task, we also can be communicating that the task is awful. They will hate it simply because that is what the â€Å"price† indicates, countering what natural positive feelings we might have had. For example, economists tried to incent students’ performance by paying them to learn—a cash-for-grades scheme. â€Å"Remarkably,† as Fryer (2010) found, â€Å"incentives for output did not increase achievement† (p. 5). Actually it’s not so remarkable. Good framing can minimize this, where we ensure we are also communicating that this is a desirable job. You could make it clear, as Tom Sawyer did, that the task is coveted and others would be eager to do the same. There are scores of public schools that are incredibly demanding in what they ask of their students, such as SEED schools and the Harlem Success Academy. Perhaps they can ask so much because the competition to get in is so high that it is done by lottery.

Scarface :: essays research papers

The topic of my presentation is why everyone should watch the movie scarface, and if you have already seen it to watch it again, This movie was directed by Brian De Palma,and written by Oliver Stone (produced-alexander, produced joy luck club) "Scareface"came out in 1983, and feature's Al Pacino as Tony Montana, Michelle Phifer as Elvira, and Steven Bauer as Manny Ray, The story is about a Cuban refugee who makes his way over to Miami,Florida Tony starts out as a dishwasher and hitman, who proceeds to enter into a life of cocaine dealing and organized crime. He then become one of the biggest drug dealers in Florida. The story has a rags to riches theme and is known for graphic violence. This is an action/drama with many indepth plot twists and an incredulous amount of profanity. The movie mostly portrays Scarface in thrid person view, which means the audience learns about the charactor Scarface through his actions and behaviors. The film is not only at great movie, but a cultural icon to some people. Scarface had a tremendous impact on the genre of rap music, and has inspired many rappers and producers to create songs. The premise of this film was actually adapted from the novel "scareface"by Armitage Trail. A Previse movie entitled, "Scareface, the Shame of the Nation" was made in 1932 ,directed by howard hawks and produced by Howard Hughes, which depicts gang-warfare, polictical coruption, and police un-involvment. The main charactor "Tony" was based loosely upon the real ganstar Al Capone, who actually loved the movie. I have seen both movie's and The 1983 "scarface" packs such a influencal punch of knowledge through the actions and life of Pacino as Tony Mantana. This film is known for having interesting quotes; Some notable quotes are= "Say hello to my little friend." "All I have in this world is my balls and my word and I don't break them for no one.

Vitamin C in Different Fruit Juice

Activity 1. 21- Is high Vitamin C all it claims to be? Purpose: * To investigate the vitamin C content of fruit juice * To investigate which type of fruit juice provides the most vitamin C The quantity of vitamin C in food and drink can be determined using a simple colour test. Vitamin C decolourises the blue dye DCPIP (dichlorophenolindolphenol). Vitamin C is an antioxidant and reduces the DCPIP. DCPIP changes from blue to colourless (or slightly pink) as it becomes reduced. We will be testing a range of different fruit juices to see which contains the highest concentration of vitamin C Hypothesis: I predict that the orange might be the juice that provides the most vitamin C; this is because it is widely promoted as a ‘high vitamin C juice’. * Grapefruit juice might contain the second highest amount of vitamin C; also because of it promotion in the media. Vitamin C is a water-soluble compound that is essential for life. It is involved in many processes in the human body , including: the production of collagen in the connective tissue; the synthesis of dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline in the nervous system; and the synthesis of carnitine, which is important in the transfer of energy to the cell mitochondria.A deficiency in vitamin C causes scurvy, a disease that affected sailors in the 16th – 18thCenturies. It was discovered that fresh fruit, e. g. limes and oranges, or sauerkraut (preserved cabbage) provided the sailors with protection from scurvy. Safety: * Running should be avoided in the laboratory to prevent accidents especially when handling liquids * Goggles should be warn at all times when carrying out the experiment * Care should be taken when handling glass wear * The supervisor should be informed about any spillages of liquid that may be hazardous to others in the laboratory. Controlled variables: Temperature; If a juice is higher in temperature than the other, it will cause the reaction to speed up which would make the exper iment unfair. * Concentration of DCPIP; different concentrations would not benefit the experiment as we are only changing the type of juice. * Shake each flask using the same movements; more vigorous movements may add oxygen which would affect the DCPIP and turn it slightly blue again. * Same end point colour (colourless); attention and concentration should be given to see through until the very last drop so the volume is not increased. Independent variable: * Fruit juice Dependant Variable: Volume of juice required to decolourise the DCPIP. The experiment procedure: Equipment: * 1% DCPIP solution * Vitamin C solution * Range of fruit juices * Conical flasks * Beakers * Pipette accurate to 1cm3 to measure volumes accurately * Burette to measure volumes accurately * Safety goggles Method: 1. Pipette 1cm3 into a beaker 2. Fill the burette with the vitamin C solution 3. Add the vitamin solution in droplets 4. As soon as the DCPIP goes colourless, stop the burette and record the volume of vitamin C solution that was used. 5. Repeat this procedure with other juices 6. Repeat the experiment at least 2 times . Calculate the mean result for each juice Table of results: | Vitamin C| Orange| Grapefruit| Lemon| Blueberry| Pineapple| | 1| 2. 5| 3| -| 2| 13| | 0. 4| 2. 4| 1. 95| 1. 1| 3| 12. 75| | 0. 35| 0. 4| 1. 15| -| 0. 8| 8. 2| | 0. 1| 2. 1| 4. 7| 1. 7| 1. 5| 8. 2| | 0. 1| 1. 96| 4. 6| 2. 3| 1. 8| -| AVERAGE| 0. 39| 1. 96| 3. 08| 1. 9| 1. 8| 10. 5| Here the least volume of juice needed to decolourise DCPIP was the blueberry juice, followed by lemon then orange juice. From the experiment, blueberry juice provided the most vitamin C because less of it was needed in order to turn DCPIP colourless.The pineapple juice was the juice that let out the highest volume from the burette in order to decolourise DCPIP; this is because it was the juice that provided the least amount of vitamin C. All of the juices had vitamin C in them as the highest volume was only 10. 5cm3. The res ults obtained from the experiment showed no relation to my hypothetical prediction. It may have been because of the experimental errors that had been overlooked whilst carrying out the experiment. The results from the experiment did not agree with the widely publicised fact that orange juice provides the most vitamin C.A number of errors could have been made: the temperature may not have been the equivalent for all juices( the last juice to be measured may have been at a higher temperature than the rest causing the reaction with the DCPIP to hasten), the amount of shaking may of effected the results as too much shaking could have added oxygen which would have restored the DCPIP to blue, the end point may have been difficult to judge because of it close proximity, some juice may have been lost whilst it was being transferred from the beaker , there might have been an error in how accurate the juices were measured or recorded.In the future more attention could be given and the experim ent could be done more slowly; time may have been an issue when carrying out the experiment. The results obtained were pulled together from different groups in the class who may have all treated their readings and measurements differently, therefore it would be much reliable if I repeated the experiment and obtained at least three readings for each juice on my own. Moreover, the juices bought could all be from the same brand, this is because some manufacturers put more sweeteners or fresh juice than others.

English language communication Essay

By learning English, we can develop four important skills like listening, speaking, reading and writing. Advantages of learning English language communication is an endless list, creating possibilities each day to connect with people worldwide. With command over English language you can get jobs easily and can participate in interviews and discuss with people in a group about any particular important topic or aspect. English communication gains us wisdom and we can also gain lots of knowledge by reading online magazines, newspapers, story books, essays, websites and journals and any of the greatest and famous writing written in English by poets, authors or leaders. Apart from being most important, widely used and useful, English is considered to be one of the easiest languages to learn and speak. With daily practice, you can communicate-well with others and improve your skills, show-off or expose your skills before others to impress and motivate them to come up with their English language communications skills. Hence, English even-though being a foreign language to many is now most commonly used language worldwide. Advantages of learning English language communication is an endless list, creating possibilities each day to connect with people worldwide. With command over English language you can get jobs easily and can participate in interviews and discuss with people in a group about any particular important topic or aspect. English communication gains us wisdom and we can also gain lots & lots of knowledge by reading online magazines, newspapers, story books, essays, websites and journals and any of the greatest and famous writing written in English by poets, authors or leaders. Apart from being most important, widely used and useful, English is considered to be one of the easiest languages to learn and speak. With daily practice, you can communicate-well with others and improve your skills, show-off or expose your skills before others to impress and motivate them to come up with their English language communications skills. Hence, English even-though being a foreign language to many is now most commonly used language worldwide especially in British dominion later became Independent republican countries like India and Pakistan. Proud to be an Indian, speaking foreign language, so people around you can’t understand. Knowledge of English is important as we can get to know how to frame sentences, how to use words in dialogues while speaking to others. As every word has a particular context where it fits right, using words in such a manner in English is an art that can only be mastered by practice. And with such command, we can easily communicate with others on any level. Mostly, listening and speaking improves our command on English language. Daily listening to English speakers and trying speaking in English, helps you to know how to use the language, where to use each word and when to use it in a correct manner.

A Child Of Nature Cannot Survive In Civilization essays

A Child Of Nature Cannot Survive In Civilization essays A Child Of Nature Cannot Survive In Civilization The fact that a sheltered child cannot survive in civilization is made abundantly clear in A Separate Peace. Throughout this novel, author John Knowles gives many examples along with details of why this is not possible and how lives become corrupt when it occurs. After Leper came back from the war, he was an extremely different person. Where as, before, he was laidback and silent. However, when he escaped and went back, he was blunt and fanatical. On page 135, Gene tells how the Leper of the beaver dam could not have said the words that were coming out of his mouth at that moment. The things he experienced were so different than the manner in which things were at Devon that he flipped into a complete stranger. Near the end of the novel, the adult Gene explains how all the young men he knew at Devon reached a point at which everything in the world seemed so overwhelming. Their characters eventually broke as a result. Being sheltered from all evil by the walls of! Devon, the boys had no understanding of the outside world, for they lived in an artificial one. Because of this, every one of the boys went through a dilemma. Living in a place where there was no hardcore violence had its flaws in the long run, because we do not live in a perfect world. On the last page, Gene describes how Leper had emerged from a protective cloud only to meet horror face to face. Once again, the hostility and harshness of the war comes into factor. After coming out like a butterfly from a cocoon, there was no turning back for the boys at Devon. Nothing could save them from the evils they would meet after leaving the safeness of Devon. No one, except their fellow classmates, would ever understand their helplessness, for outsiders could not fathom the circumstances under which they were institutionalized and deceived. ...

German Battleship Tirpitz - World War II

German Battleship Tirpitz - World War II The Tirpitz was a German battleship used during World War II.  The British made several efforts to sink Tirpitz and finally succeeded in late 1944. Shipyard: Kriegsmarinewerft, WilhelmshavenLaid Down: November 2, 1936Launched: April 1, 1939Commissioned: February 25, 1941Fate: Sunk on November 12, 1944 Specifications Displacement: 42,900 tonsLength: 823 ft., 6 in.Beam: 118 ft. 1 in.Draft: 30 ft. 6 in.Speed: 29 knotsComplement: 2,065 men Guns 8 Ãâ€" 15 in. SK C/34 (4 Ãâ€" 2)12 Ãâ€" 5.9 in. (6 Ãâ€" 2)16 Ãâ€" 4.1 in. SK C/33 (8 Ãâ€" 2)16 Ãâ€" 1.5 in. SK C/30 (8 Ãâ€" 2)12 Ãâ€" 0.79 in. FlaK 30 (12 Ãâ€" 1) Construction Laid down at Kriegsmarinewerft, Wilhelmshaven on November 2, 1936, Tirpitz was the second and final ship of the Bismarck-class of battleship. Initially given the contract name G, the ship was later named for famed German naval leader Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz. Christened by the late admirals daughter, Tirpitz was launched April 1, 1939. Work continued on the battleship through 1940. As World War II had begun, the ships completion was delayed by British air strikes on the Wilhelmshaven shipyards. Commissioned on February 25, 1941, Tirpitz departed for its sea trials in the Baltic. Capable of 29 knots, Tirpitzs primary armament consisted of eight 15 guns mounted in four dual turrets. These were supplemented by a secondary battery of twelve 5.9 guns. In addition, it mounted a variety of light anti-aircraft guns, which were increased throughout the war. Protected by a main belt of armor that was 13 thick, Tirpitzs power was provided by three Brown, Boveri Cie geared steam turbines capable of producing over 163,000 horsepower. Entering active service with the Kriegsmarine, Tirpitz conducted extensive training exercises in the Baltic. In the Baltic Assigned to Kiel, Tirpitz was in port when Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941. Putting to sea, it became the flagship of Admiral Otto Ciliaxs Baltic Fleet. Cruising off the Aland Islands with the heavy cruiser, four light cruisers, and several destroyers, Ciliax endeavored to prevent a breakout of the Soviet fleet from Leningrad. When the fleet disbanded in late September, Tirpitz resumed training activities. In November, Admiral Erich Raeder, commander of the Kriegsmarine, ordered the battleship to Norway so that it could strike at Allied convoys. Arriving in Norway After a brief overhaul, Tirpitz sailed north on January 14, 1942, under the command of Captain Karl Topp. Arriving at Trondheim, the battleship soon moved to a safe anchorage at nearby Fà ¦ttenfjord. Here Tirpitz was anchored next to a cliff to aid in protecting it from air strikes. In addition, extensive anti-aircraft defenses were constructed, as well as torpedo nets and protective booms. Though efforts were made to camouflage the ship, the British were aware of its presence through decrypted Enigma radio intercepts. Having established a base in Norway, Tirpitzs operations were limited due to fuel shortages. Though Bismarck had some success in the Atlantic against HMS Hood prior to its loss in 1941, Adolf Hitler refused to allow Tirpitz to conduct a similar sortie as he did not wish to lose the battleship. By remaining operational, it served as a fleet in being and tied down British naval resources. As a result, ​Tirpitzs missions were largely limited to the North Sea and Norwegian waters. Initial operations against Allied convoys were canceled when Tirpitzs supporting destroyers were withdrawn. Putting to sea on March 5, Tirpitz sought to attack Convoys QP-8 and PQ-12. Convoy Actions Missing the former, Tirpitzs spotter aircraft located the latter. Moving to intercept, Ciliax was initially unaware that the convoy was supported by elements of Admiral John Toveys Home Fleet. Turning for home, Tirpitz was unsuccessfully attacked by British carrier planes on March 9. In late June, Tirpitz and several German warships sortied as part of Operation Rà ¶sselsprung. Intended as an attack on Convoy PQ-17, the fleet turned back after receiving reports that they had been spotted. Returning to Norway, Tirpitz anchored in Altafjord. After being shifted to Bogenfjord near Narvik, the battleship sailed for Fà ¦ttenfjord where it began an extensive overhaul in October. Concerned over the threat posed by Tirpitz, the Royal Navy attempted to attack the ship with two Chariot human torpedoes in October 1942. This effort was disrupted by heavy seas. Completing its post-overhaul trials, Tirpitz returned to active duty with Captain Hans Meyer taking command on February 21, 1943. That September, Admiral Karl Doenitz, now leading the Kriegsmarine, ordered Tirpitz and other German ships to attack the small Allied base at Spitsbergen. Relentless British Attacks Attacking on September 8, Tirpitz, in its only offensive action, provided naval gunfire support to German forces going ashore. Destroying the base, the Germans withdrew and returned to Norway. Eager to eliminate Tirpitz, the Royal Navy initiated Operation Source later that month. This involved sending ten X-Craft midget submarines to Norway. The plan called for the X-Craft to penetrate the fjord and attach mines to the battleships hull. Moving forward on September 22, two X-Craft successfully completed their mission. The mines detonated and caused extensive damage to the ship and its machinery. Though badly wounded, Tirpitz remained afloat and repairs commenced. These were completed on April 2, 1944, and sea trials were planned for the following day in Altafjord. Learning that Tirpitz was nearly operational, the Royal Navy launched Operation Tungsten on April 3. This saw eighty British carrier planes attack the battleship in two waves. Scoring fifteen bomb hits, the aircraft inflicted serious damage and widespread fires but failed to sink Tirpitz. Assessing the damage, Doenitz ordered the ship repaired though understood that, due to a lack of air cover, its usefulness would be limited. In an effort to finish the job, the Royal Navy planned several additional strikes through April and May but were prevented from flying due to poor weather. Final Demise By June 2, German repair parties had restored engine power and gunnery trials were possible at the end of the month. Returning on August 22, aircraft from British carriers launched two raids against Tirpitz but failed to score any hits. Two days later, a third strike managed two hits but inflicted little damage. As the Fleet Air Arm had been unsuccessful in eliminating Tirpitz, the mission was given to the Royal Air Force. Using Avro Lancaster heavy bombers carrying massive Tallboy bombs, No. 5 Group conducted Operation Paravane on September 15. Flying from forward bases in Russia, they succeeded in getting one hit on the battleship which severely damaged its bow as well as injured other equipment on board. British bombers returned on October 29 but managed only near misses which damaged the ships port rudder. To protect Tirpitz, a sandbank was built around the ship to prevent capsizing and torpedo nets were put in place. On November 12, Lancasters dropped 29 Tallboys on the anchorage, scoring two hits and several near misses. Those that missed destroyed the sandbank. While one Tallboy penetrated forward, it failed to explode. The other struck amidships and blew out part of the ships bottom and side. Listing severely, Tirpitz was soon rocked by a massive explosion as one of its magazines detonated. Rolling, the stricken ship capsized. In the attack, the crew suffered around 1,000 casualties. The wreck of Tirpitz remained in place for the remainder of the war and was later salvaged between 1948 and 1957. Selected Sources Tirpitz HistoryBBC: Tirpitz

Case 6-1 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Case 6-1 - Coursework Example ce of bank loans by the branch manager, the internal auditor, and perhaps the state regulatory authorities, should make sure that authorization does not extend to recording and documentation or custody of funds. These should be performed by different employees or officers. The auditors will make sure that the branch manager, being the head of the office, does not override the internal control system in order to commit fraud. It will also ensure that the branch manager does not exceed his authorized limit of loans he can extend without head office or committee approval. The branch manager had physical custody of the checks, or had complete, unchallenged access to them, relating to the transactions he had authorized (the release of the loans). He signed the checks (custodial function) in addition to authorizing the loans. The discharge of these two duties by the same person made it possible for the fraud to happen: This was obviously a violation of the principle of segregation of duties within the internal control system. Moreover, the power of the branch manager over hiring and firing, as well as evaluating performance and promoting the employees, also served as a deterrent to the employees to question anything that the branch manager would want to do. In other words, the branch manager, being the top supervisor who was ipso facto not directly accountable to anyone at the bank branch, had absolute control over what took place in his branch relative to any loan or financial transactions. The trust reposed by subordinates on their superior officer is an obstacle to the disciplined application of any management control system, hence there is a need for an independent audit at certain intervals. The internal auditor should make not only regular audits but also surprise audits on the branch and examine all transactions, check and reconcile all records, and interview the employees on the processes and procedures they actually followed in carrying out their

Promoting Emotional Wellbeing in Working with Children and Young Essay

Promoting Emotional Wellbeing in Working with Children and Young People - Essay Example Hence, promoting emotional well being in children and young people is very important for the development of a healthy society and the world. However, to eradicate emotional problems of young people from its roots, it is very important to understand that it is the home environment that shapes man’s personality and not the society. Hence, the best way to promote emotional well being in young people is to ensure a positive and nurturing environment at home so that the child develops high self-esteem and confident personality which helps him in facing any challenge that society has to offer. Importance of emotional well being The development of a society is possible only when the children and young people living in the society are emotionally and psychologically healthy, as they constitute the future of the society (DCFS 2010, p.3). Emotional well being of young people is important not only for their happy and fulfilled personal lives but also for the healthy growth of the communi ty as a whole (DCFS 2010, p.3). However, there are many challenges to the emotional well being of children and young people as they face many difficulties on personal, family and social levels which make them suffer from different emotional and psychological problems. ... This proves to be dangerous not only for their personal lives but also for the society as a whole. Hence, for the peaceful and positive existence of the individual and societies, emotional health of children and young people is the most important thing (DCFS 2010, p.3). The emotional development of a child begins at home (DCFS 2010, p.3). If a child does not get nourishing and positive environment at home, then he becomes incapable of developing trust in the outside world. It has been found that the foundation of the emotional health of a child is laid in the first two years of his life (DCFS 2010, p.3). If a child is nourished properly at this stage, then he becomes an emotionally healthy being and becomes capable of facing the challenges of life (DCFS 2010, p.3). However, the lack of nourishment at this stage leads to development of many psychological and emotional problems like fear, anxiety, violent tendency, lack of direction and most importantly, low self-esteem (Bernard, Ellis and Terjesen 2006, p.26). Hence, if a child is to grow into an emotionally and psychologically healthy human being, then his childhood has to be nourishing and loving. Impact of social and emotional problems Young people suffering from emotional and social maladjustment go through a lot of frustration and anger. The suppressed feelings try to find an outlet through indulgence in sex, drugs, alcohol and violence (Titley 2004, p.33). Violence in young people not only affects the victims of the violence but also affect the personal and social lives of people who display violent behaviour. It has been noted that children and young people who resort to violence suffer from depression, drug addiction,

Personal and professional development Assignment

Personal and professional development - Assignment Example These skills will be achieved through attending seminars, finding a mentor and taking short online courses in Human Resource Management. The personal and professional plan will be implemented through undertaking HR management short courses offered by the University. I will register for online short courses to improve my time management skills, communication and interpersonal skills. I will identify a lecturer to mentor me to attain these skills and practice through participating in HR researches. Two of the objectives were met by the target date. I attended a lecture on effective handling of employee grievances, effective communication and skills in time management. I also managed to get a coach involved in HR researches and together we participated in these researches. According to Lussier & Hendon (2013), in order to solve work-based problems, an individual needs to have skills in effective time management, personal organization and effectively sorting out employee issues regarding on-the-job discrimination and harassment (80). Communication styles vary from individual to individual. For example, communication between the HR team and the managers differs from that with lower level employees. Communication could be verbal or electronic or a combination of these two. For personal and professional development to be successful there is need to analyze the skills to identify the individual and group needs. Objectives need to be established and used as a guide to plan individual and overall development skills (Lussier & Hendon 2013, p.

Physical Training In Badminton Physical Education Essay

Physical Training In Badminton Physical Education Essay Introduction In Badminton research, the plyometrics training is not extensively researched. This chapter will note the importance of understanding the related factors leading to the idea of conducting this study. The review of the related literature for this study is presented into five main sections: Physical Training in Sports Physical Training in Badminton Agility in Sports Agility Contribution in Badminton Plyometric Training in Improving Agility Physical Training in Sports Physical fitness is a very important factor affecting performance in sports. As in the preparatory phase of periodization plan for any training programme, the physical fitness is always the first to be developed before focusing into other training factors such as technical training, tactical training, and psychological training. Physical fitness contributes to sports performance. It serves as a foundation that leads to a higher possibility of succeeding in competitive arena of sports (Bompa, T. O. Haff, G. G., 2009). Many researchers have studied on various types of physical fitness training, such as balance training, agility training, sprinting training, resistance training, circuit training, interval training, and plyometric training. Many studies found that physical training serve the purpose of improving various physical attributes, such as flexibility, functional performance, muscular control, muscular power, distance running performance, running economy, strength performance, explosive power, vertical jump, initial acceleration, speed, agility, and many other attributes. Physical Training in Badminton Badminton is a highly competitive dynamic sport. At elite level, it is suggest that badminton is characterized by repetitive efforts of alactic nature and great intensity which are continuously performed throughout the match. Badminton players are required to be able to move in multiple directions while smashing and receiving a shuttlecock with fast speed. The speed of a shuttlecock can be up to 421kph (Guinness World Record, 2009). Badminton players are often required to perform speed, agility, flexibility, endurance, and strength capabilities at their limit. It is proposed by Badminton Association of England (2002) that the off-court type of fitness training for badminton can include strength training, aerobic training, speed and agility training, flexibility training, core stability training, and circuit training. As an explosive sport, badminton performance can be enhanced from resistance training. Effective resistance training programme requires a systematic process of analysis, implementation and evaluation to ensure maximum adaptation and improvement. The prescription of resistance training methods can enhance badminton specific performance in jump smashes, lunges, and fast change of direction. Agility in Sports Agility is often considered an essential element for many sports and activities. It is an ability that involves a rapid whole body movement with changes of direction or velocity in response to a stimulus. In many competitive sports such as badminton, the players do not perform at their own pace and move, but are performing in response to the shuttlecock, the opponent, or the partners. As such, agility in badminton is not completely an independent factor. Little and William (2005) proposed that agility is a specific physical attribute that is fundamentally important to sports performance for three reasons. First, developing agility will provide a strong foundation for muscular control and motor skill function, thereby establishing overall performance in badminton. Second, good agility enable players to move fast in balanced and stabled manner, and this proper movement mechanics and this may reduce injury risk. Finally, as an athlete matures, a heightened ability to quickly change directions will enhance overall performance in both proactive offensive and reactive defensive circumstances. According to Young and Farrow (2006) and Vescovi (2008), agility is important as many sports such as badminton performed on a court require high-speed total body movements. Many of these movements are in response to the motion of the shuttlecock, opponents, or partner. As such, fast movement is very important. Deterministic model of agility performance The multifactorial nature of agility has been represented by a deterministic model in Figure 2.1 which indicating the various factors contributing to performance. Figure 2.1 is the model suggested by Young et al. (2002) which indicated that main factors determining agility. Agility can be affected by a few factors, such as visual scanning, anticipation, pattern recognition, knowledge, technique, straight sprinting speed, and leg muscles quality. Agility Perceptual and decision making factors Change of direction speed Straight sprinting speed Technique Pattern recognition Anticipation Visual scanning Knowledge Leg muscle qualities Foot placement Strength Adjustment of strides to accelerate decelerate Power Body lean posture Reactive strength Figure 2.1 Deterministic model of agility performance. Perceptual and decision making factors According to Young et al. (2002), perceptual and decision making is one of the main factor affecting agility. The factors affecting perceptual and decision making included visual scanning, anticipating, pattern recognition, and knowledge. Visual scanning is the ability to process visual information in the competitive environment. In a badminton match, as it is like other ball games, players are paying their visual focus on the trajectory of shuttlecock or ball, or movement of opponent. A common words of à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"eyes on ballà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ , this shows that the badminton players are applying the visual scanning on the shuttlecock and opponent to analyze what is the next step to move. Anticipation and prediction in badminton match influences the movements of a player. From the visual information from visual scanning, badminton player process the information and start to anticipate the move of opponent and the shuttlecock. As the opponent tense up the body with great back swing, it is anticipated that the next move might be a smash; as the opponent remain relax and small actions of racket, it can be anticipated that the next move might be a soft drop. Pattern recognition is the ability to recognize the patterns of play by the opponent. This happened when a player has specific playing habit or favourite shots. It happen as simple as an attacking badminton player has more smashes and a defensive player has more return in high shots. By understanding the pattern, badminton player can be more agile by narrowing the possibility of stimulus to be response. Knowledge from experiencing different game play situations can help predict probable movements of opponent. When a player is out of position and the body is not in favourable position to return a shot, it is likely that the return will go to the front court rather than the back court. As such, a badminton player can be faster and more agile to react to the circumstance. Change of directional speed Young and Farrow (2006) also noted that agility is affected by the change of direction speed. Change of direction speed is influenced by the techniques, straight sprinting speed, and leg muscle quality. Techniques to change direction and change velocity quickly are expected to be influenced by the position of the body while running. A forward lean is required to accelerate, a backward lean to decelerate and stop, and a sideward lean to produce a lateral change of direction. These body positions are necessary in order to produce forces to the ground to evoke reaction forces in the desired direction. If a badminton player is ready to react and move to any direction in court, the ready stance of the body should be slightly knee bend, body leaning forward, and body weight more on toe than on heel (Badminton England, 2002). This ready stance enables the player to make quick adjustments to the running posture to execute a quick change of direction. Such quick adjustments of posture and positioning of limbs is clearly a skill that requires training. Young et al. (2001) conducted a study where found that the straight sprinting speed was improved significantly after six weeks of straight sprint training, but had no gains in changes of direction test. The six weeks change of direction training had limited contribution to straight sprinting speed as well. These findings can be explained by training specificity, and suggest that athletes must train specifically with the movement patterns required in their sports. Badminton requires a lot of sudden sprint and stop, deep lunge, explosive jumping but limited straight sprint. To benefit optimally from the training, badminton player must train specifically on the sudden sprint and stop in various directions but not only the straight sprint. Leg muscles quality is exclusively responsible for change of directional movements. The available research provides little support that leg muscle strength, power, and reactive strength are major contributors to agility performance. However, a rationale was made to suggest that plyometric training program involving jumping exercises that contain single leg lateral takeoffs, such as bounding in a zigzag pattern could potentially be beneficial to change of directional speed development. A better quality of leg muscle in badminton can help to reduce time taken from ready position to move to receive a shot. Agility Contribution in Badminton Motion analysis of a typical badminton match reveals that there are many changes in direction and it requires the athlete to be very agile in all directions . Notational analysis of European players during international tournaments indicated that badminton can be characterized by repetitive, short-duration, high-intensity efforts with high-frequency movement. Badminton is the fastest sport among the racket games with the speed of the shuttlecocks capable of travelling up to 421kph. This means in the court area of approximately 34m2 for badminton singles, the shuttlecock will take not more than 0.15 second to pass through the entire badminton court which is 13.4m in length (Olympics ABC, 2007). As a sport with such a high speed, agility plays a very important role to contribute to the performance. In an elite badminton match, the competition can be played up to more than 60 minutes, and the total running distance can be covered up to 6km. But it does not mean the energy spent for both players are the same. When a player is more agile and faster than opponent, he can play the shot to move opponent around in the badminton court which will lead to greater radius of movement for the opponent. In another word, throughout the match, the player who have better agility are having advantage and spending less effort and energy compare to the less agile opponent. Olympic ABC (2007) also proposed that a player need approximately 0.32 to 0.36 second to move from a ready position towards the shuttle and approximately 0.486 seconds to react to the coming shot. This lead to an idea that a badminton player needs about 0.8 second to react to a shot and move to receive the shot. In this condition, agility is a critical factor affecting the performance. Time taken to react to the coming shot is affecting by the perceptual and decision making factor, while the time taken to move from a ready position towards the shuttle is affecting by the agility, which have the direct relationship with the change of direction speed. Good agility and fast action to move from ready position enable a badminton player to return the shot in a favourable position and have advantage over opponent. Plyometric Training in Improving Agility Plyometrics are training techniques used by athletes in all types of sports to increase strength and explosiveness (Chu, 1998). Plyometric training program involving jumping exercises that could potentially be beneficial to agility development. Plyometric drills usually involve stopping, starting, and changing directions of movement in an explosive manner. These movements are components that can contribute to developing agility . Previous studies found that plyometric training, when used in a periodized manner, can contribute to agility gains . Agility is an explosive movement which can be referred to running speed and changes of direction ability. Fast running speed and quick change of direction contribute to good agility. Explosiveness is affecting the running speed and change of direction ability. Thus, improvement in explosiveness leads to agility development. Plyometrics have been proven to be an effective method to improve on explosiveness. By enhancing balance and control of body positions during movement, agility theoretically should improve . Plyometric activities have been used in sports such as football, tennis, soccer or other sports event. These sports are intermediate sports which require rapid whole body movement with changes of direction or velocity in response to a stimulus, which is similar to badminton. Conclusion Badminton is an intermediate sport which is the fastest among the racket games, it is a very high speed sport which the shuttlecocks capable of travelling up to 421kph (Guinness World Record, 2009), as such, agility is a critical physical attribute affecting the performance. In badminton, a player performed on a court requires high-speed total body movements. Many of these movements are in response to the motion of the shuttlecock, opponents, or partner. Agility permits badminton player to start quickly and efficiently, move in the correct direction, and to change direction or stop quickly to make a play in fast, smooth, efficient, and repeatable manner, in response to a stimulus. A competitive badminton match can be played up to more than 60 minutes, agility allow a player to play the shot to move opponent around in the badminton court which will lead to greater radius of movement for the opponent. In another word, agility lead to the advantage of lesser effort and energy spent than the less agile player. Young and Farrow (2006) noted that agility is affected by change of direction speed. Quality of leg muscles is exclusively responsible for change of directional speed. Better quality of leg muscle and good agility in badminton help to reduce time taken from ready position to move to receive a shot. This enables a badminton player to return the shot in a favourable position and have advantage over opponent. Agility refers to running speed and changes of direction in explosive manner. Fast running speed and quick change of direction is the key of good agility, which is affected by explosiveness. Thus, improvement in explosiveness should leads to agility development. Plyometrics has been proven to be effective and efficient in developing explosiveness. A rationale was made to suggest that plyometric training program involving jumping exercises could potentially be beneficial to agility gain Plyometric drills involve starting, stopping, and change of movement directions in an explosive manner. These movements contribute to agility development. Previous studies showed that plyometric training, when used in a periodized manner, can contribute to agility gains . Miller (2006) and Young and Farrow (2006) proposed that agility should improve by enhancing balance and control of body positions during movement. Plyometric activities have been used in sports which are similar to badminton, such as football, tennis, soccer or other sports event. These sports are intermediate sports which require rapid whole body movement with changes of direction or velocity in response to a stimulus.